Introduction

CSS – Cascading Style Sheets play a vital role in helping you achieve professional and pleasing user interfaces on the web, which makes the first impression long lasting. However, as with every other technique, CSS can also slow down your site if used in the wrong manner.

Look below for ten such techniques that allow you to fine tune your website.

1. CSS Optimizers

CSS Optimization does not refer to minimizing the size of the css file. It involves a systematic procedure of creating an syntactical, organized and clutter-free file. This can be achieved with the use of utilities that are available on the web that can compress and optimize the css files and reduce them to a considerable smaller size.

Applications like CssTidy and YUI Compressor not only compress the css files by removing the whitespace; they also do additional actions like creation of shorthand syntaxes, correct css properties and their errors.

There are quite a few online websites that help you to optimize your css files based on predefine rules. Do not hesitate to try them.

Below is a screenshot of the CSS validation service offered by W3C.

(Full Size Image)

Figure 1

2. Shorthand Notation in CSS?

The Shorthand notation in CSS saves a lot of effort and improves your code. Margin, padding, and font are primary candidates for shorthand notations. Note that there are many more. The following sample shows you how to create a shorthand property.

Old fashioned:

margin-top: 2px;

margin-right: 1px;

margin-bottom: 3px;

margin-left: 4px

Shorthand notation:

margin: 2px 1px 3px 4px (the order is – top, right, bottom, left)

The rule of writing shorthand notation is very simple. Look below for a simple example.

Note that if you do not specify any values for the property, the properties would retain their default values. The shorthand notation not only keeps our code clean, but makes the file size considerably less.

3. Use Conditional Comments

Some applications have browser specific style sheets. In such cases, load the css files conditionally. This applies very well to version-specific browsers too. The following line would load only if the browser is Internet Explorer 8.

  <!--[if IE 8]>
  	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ie8.css">
  <![endif]-->

4. Remove Extra Line Breaks

The extra line breaks added in CSS files add humongous size to the css file. So make sure you eliminate all those unnecessary extra line breaks. But ensure that you make it readable for you and others who may use the CSS file.

5. Use CSS Versus Images

Do not use images to display text. Instead use CSS attributes and apply style to them.

5. Profile CSS Using Browser Developer Tools

At this technological era, your browser is your first test tool for profiling the performance and style of your rendered ASP.NET pages.

Google's Chrome provides us with a richer profiling tool. It can be invoked by pressing "CTRL+ SHIFT + I". Select the "Audit" tab, and the audits. And click on the run button. You will be presented with some results. The results are impressive as they tell you what you need to do to improve performance of your page with precise details. This involves CSS findings too.

A snapshot of Google Chrome audit results is shown below:

(Full Size Image)

Figure 2

Use Background Colors Instead of Heavy Images

CSS lets you define lighter ways of applying simple, layered and gradient colors to your webpages. This can replace the traditional way of using rich background images and thus load your pages faster. If you have gradient strips then you can use the repeat property to style the entire element.

For e.g. The following image repeats and fills the div.

  div {
  	background-image: url(http:/mywebsite/myimages/image1.gif);
  	background-repeat: repeat-y; 
  }

If you are using Internet Explorer, you could use the Microsoft DXImage properties like the div below. Ensure that you specify the start and end color suitably.

<div style="filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Gradient(endColorstr='#C0CFE2', startColorstr='#FFFFFF', gradientType='0');"></div>?
 

7. Use Multi Class Elements to Achieve the Required Styles

You can apply more than one style to an element. All you have to do is separate the style elements with a space. This ensures that you do not create repeated css styles with minor differences to achieve the final style.

And note that the bottom most style overwrites the conflicting style properties and takes precedence.

  <div id="storyDiv" class="first second third"></div>

The above line shows that multi classes (first, second and third) are applied to the div element.

8. Use the Important Keyword to Apply Precedence

The !important word can be used to apply precedence even over the last specified CSS rule regardless of what appears after it.

   <div id="storyDiv" class="first second"></div>
   
    {
   .first : padding-bottom: 2.0px !important; 
   .second: padding-bottom:3.0px;
           }
 

In this case, the div will be applied with the "first" CSS rule.

9. Microsoft Visual Studio's CSS Style Manager , CSS Properties Window

Microsoft Visual Studio also provides support to view, edit and manage CSS files to a great extent. The versions above 9.0 provides us these features.

Some of the functionalities provided by Microsoft Visual Studio are outlined here:

• Indicates used CSS elements within a page with a circle.
• Rich tooltip to see the entire css rule when hovered.
• Quickly edit the CSS rules
• CSS Intellisense support

There are various sites on the web that already show you how to use these effectively. Your first stop should be the Scott Guthrie's blog. Refer to the references sections for such interesting URLs.

References

W3C CSS validator

Scott Gutherie's blog on VS Webdesigner and its CSS support

100 CSS Tools

Effective CSS Shorthand

Css Techniques for asp.net is a post from: IdealProgrammer.com

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Requirements

• Web Server — preferably one you host yourself, with control over basic site settings
• Web Development Language — using PHP here, but this code can be adapted to ASP.NET, ColdFusion, etc.
• Database — MySQL featured, but SQL Server, PostgreSQL, etc. would work
• Ideally, you’ll want a short domain to set this up on.
  www.joesautoglassandspareparts.com kinda defeats the purpose

Examples

Each of the following are short URLs to content on other sites:
http://sean-o.com/babysafe

http://sean-o.com/getwindows7

http://sean-o.com/playtime

Getting Started

As mentioned above, we’ll be using PHP 5.2.x & MySQL 4/5 for this tutorial — as these open-source technologies should be available to most of you.

The first thing you’ll need is a source for your short URLs. Easiest way to do that is with a MySQL database (or new table on your existing site’s database). Here’s the structure I used:

Sean O's Short URL Tutorial: Table Structure

You only really need the first three columns, the rest are for statistics & future use (userID). Add/remove fields as you see fit — perhaps you may want a field for notes?

The Script

We’ll only need one script to accomplish the short URL resolution. Create a file called shortURL.php at the root of your site. (or you may choose a custom name & path)

To begin, the first thing to do is grab the short URL — the segment after the base URL.
e.g. http://sean-o.com/playtime
A little regex (regular expressions) goes a long way here to parse the short URL and strip extraneous characters.

$expectedURL = trim($_SERVER['URL']);
$split = preg_split("{:80\/}",$expectedURL);
$shortURL = $split[1];
// security: strip all but alphanumerics & dashes
$shortURL = preg_replace("/[^a-z0-9-]+/i", "", $shortURL);

Next, we’ll check this string to see if it matches a short URL in our database.

$isShortURL = false;
$result = getLongURL($shortURL);
if ($result) { $isShortURL = true; }
$longURL = $result['longURL'];

Finally, we check to see if our $isShortURL flag is set. If a matching short URL was found, we’ll redirect to it. If not, we’ll display our standard 404.

if ($isShortURL)
{
	redirectTo($longURL, $shortURL);
} else {
	show404();  // no shortURL found, display standard 404 page
}

The Functions

The primary function — get the long URL associated with the passed short URL, if it exists.

function getLongURL($s)
{
	// define these variables for your system
	$host = ""; $user = ""; $pass = ""; $db = "";
	$mysqli = new mysqli($host, $user, $pass, $db);
	// you may just want to fall thru to 404 here if connection error
	if (mysqli_connect_errno()) { die("Unable to connect !"); }
	$query = "SELECT * FROM urls WHERE shorturl = '$s';";
	if ($result = $mysqli->query($query)) {
	    if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
		while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
			return($row);
		}
	    } else {
	    	return false;
	    }
	} else {
		return false;
	}
	$mysqli->close();
}

Perform the URL redirection.

function redirectTo($longURL)
{
	// change this to your domain
	header("Referer: http://www.your-domain-here.com");
	// use a 301 redirect to your destination
	header("Location: $longURL", TRUE, 301);
	exit;
}

Finally, display your standard 404 page here.

function show404()
{
	// display/include your standard 404 page here
	echo "

404 Page Not Found."; exit; }

Wire It Up

Okay, so we have the script… now what? Well, the “special sauce” here is the 404 redirect. What we’re simply doing is replacing (or augmenting) your site’s 404 page with one that checks a database for a URL shortcut. If one is listed that matches, redirect to it. If not, display your standard (or not so standard) 404 error message.

You’ll need to modify your site’s existing 404 error page, or (recommended) create a new one. If creating a new one, make sure your site is set to point to this file. For IIS (5/6): Go to your web site, Properties, Custom Errors, 404, Edit Properties… For Apache, edit your .htaccess file thusly: ErrorDocument 404 /shortURL.php. (replace with your custom path as appropriate)

Now, Run With It (Additional, Optional Steps)

If you’ll be using this with any regularity, you’ll probably want to create an admin panel page to quickly add & manage your URLs (I’m simply using a MySQL GUI — the great HeidiSQL). Consider whether you want to use custom short URL names, or just generate a random 4-5 character string (or both!). If you’re a statistics nut, you might want to capture more than just the user’s IP and/or build a stats page.

If you’re looking to “monetize” (ahem, see above), you may want to frame the linked site under a toolbar with your site’s branding, a la the “Digg Bar”. I highly recommend against this, however, as many users consider this practice an annoyance.

If your domain name is longer than, say, 8 characters, consider purchasing a second domain for exclusive short URL serving. Two-letter country-based domains such as .ly and .to are popular. Flickr’s recent purchase of http://flic.kr was especially clever.

Conclusion

So there you have it. Your very own, shiny new, URL shortening service… in under 50 lines of code!

Be sure to test. I suggest trying the following: a short URL you’ve created, a known working URL on your site (make sure you didn’t break anything!), and a known incorrect URL (test the standard 404). Also, be mindful of the security implications. Make sure following best practices with regards to MySQL security, and be sure to sanitize all URLs. Ensure your server is running the latest versions of software with the latest patches.

Disclaimer: This article is just to get you started. The code presented here is most certainly “quick & dirty”, and can surely be optimized. This code may or may not work for you, and I cannot be held responsible for any damage that may occur to your site as a result of implementing this. 

Make your own url shorten service is a post from: IdealProgrammer.com

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Well you may want to see this code project article by Albert Pascual

http://www.codeproject.com/KB/applications/SimpleChat.aspx

For comments and suggestions use idealprogrammer fourms

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photo credit: Wonderlane

Here is a collection of free video tutorials on SharePoint for Developers. The 16-part video series is presented by Microsoft's Mike Benkovich and Lynn Langit.

Microsoft SharePoint is also called Microsoft SharePoint Products and Technologies. SharePoint is a collection of products and software elements that includes:

• web browser based collaboration functions
• process management modules
• search modules and a document-management platform

SharePoint can be used to host web sites that access:

• shared workspaces
• information stores
• documents
• host defined applications such as wikis and blogs

All users can manipulate or interact with:

• web parts
• lists
• document libraries

photo credit: david_terrar

Background:

The term "SharePoint" can collectively refer to a number of products ranging from the base platform to various services. The platform is Windows SharePoint Services (WSS), which is included with Windows Server and available as a free download for those with Windows Server licenses. (Vista users can use a helper application from Bamboo Nation to allow them to run SharePoint without having to have Windows Server installed.) Services such as Microsoft Office SharePoint Server (MOSS) provide additional functionality and features and are licensed accordingly.

SharePoint Family of Products:

photo credit: Wonderlane

Here are the current SharePoint products and technologies:

• Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 (WSS)
• Search Server 2008 Express
• Search Server 2008
• Forms Server 2007
• Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 MOSS Standard
• Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 MOSS Enterprise
• Microsoft Office Groove Server 2007
• Microsoft Office Project Server 2007
• Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer

SharePoint, as a collection of technologies, is not intended to simply replace a full file server or to be a single use solution. Instead, it is geared and positioned to play various roles in the business and enterprise environment. Microsoft markets these vectors as Collaboration, Processes, and People.

The SharePoint user interface is a web interface accessed through a browser. While all browsers are supported, only Internet Explorer is fully integrated and able to utilize the full functionality of a SharePoint Solution.

SharePoint sites are functionally ASP.NET 2.0 web applications, which are served using IIS and use a SQL Server database as a data storage back end. All site content data, such as items in document libraries and lists, are stored within an SQL database named by default as "WSS_Content_[ID]".

Microsoft Search Server:

Microsoft Search Server (MSS) is an enterprise search platform from Microsoft. It builds on the search capabilities of Microsoft Office SharePoint Server. MSS shares its architectural underpinnings with the Windows Search platform for both the querying engine as well as the indexer. MOSS search provides the ability to search metadata attached to documents.

Microsoft has made Microsoft Search Server available as Search Server 2008, released March 2008. A free version, Search Server 2008 Express, is also available. The express edition features the same feature set as the commercial edition, including no limitation on the number of files indexed. However, it is limited to a stand-alone installation and cannot be scaled out to a cluster.

Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer:

Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer is a free WYSIWYG HTML Editor that administrators can use to customize the design of the SharePoint site and that end users can use in designing workflows. SharePoint Designers is the successor to Microsoft FrontPage and replaces it.

More Resources:

• SharePoint Designer Home Page
• SharePoint’s Founding Father, Jeff Teper, Talks About the SharePoint History, Vision, and Lessons Learned
• Sharepoint Community Portal
• Windows SharePoint Services
• Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007
• SharePoint Server Role in Windows Server 2008
• SharePoint Team blog
• Microsoft Momentum: Midsize Business Center Newsletter
• White Paper describes how different versions of Office work with Sharepoint

SharePoint Products and Technologies for Developers Videos

SharePoint Products and Technologies for Developers – 16-Part Video Series is a post from: IdealProgrammer.com

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1. To avoid SQL Injection, replace all SQL Commands with parameterized queries or stored procedures (using LINQ to SQL exclusively will also totally eliminate SQL Injection).

2. To avoid packet-sniffing and session hijacking, always use https when sending cookies

3. To avoid Cross-Site Scripting problems, use httpOnly when setting cookies

 Here is a summary of the information in the articles I read that led me to the above “cheat sheet”:

=========================================

How to Prevent SQL Injection:

Explanation of Vulnerability: SQL Injection occurs when someone enters a part of a SQL Command as part of user input, querystring, or cookie.  For example, if person enters " or '1' = '1' in a password textbox, that might be interpreted as part of the sql command and cause the password to always be accepted.

 Approach #1: Replace SQL Commands with Parameterized queries

 One way to prevent sql injection 100% of the time is by replacing all SQL Commands with parameterized queries.  The queries can be stored procedures, but they do not have to be. Stored procedures are a little more efficient because they optimize execution plan, but parameterized queries that are not stored procedures are also safe with regard to sql injection.  The information in the parameterized fields is always treated as a literal by sql server and can never be executed as part of the sql instruction itself.  Using parameterized queries in all SQL Commands in an application prevents sql injection through: 1) user input; 2) query strings; and 3) cookies. The work involved in implementing it would require that every SQL Command that uses input from user, query string, or cookie be converted to parameterized query.

 Approach #2: Replace SQL Commands with LINQ to SQL

 LINQ to SQL, when used exclusively for data access, eliminates the possibility of SQL injection in your application for one simple reason: every SQL query that LINQ executes on your behalf is parameterized.

 Approach #3: Create "Blacklist" of special characters and words

 Here is a shortlist of five predefined entities in xml that people often try to santitize (remove) from user input:

1. quot "
2. amp  &
3. apos '
4. lt   <
5. gt   > 

Here is another example blacklist:

public static string[] blackList = {"–",";–",";","/*","*/","@@","@",
                                     "char","nchar","varchar","nvarchar",
                                     "alter","begin","cast","create","cursor",
                                     "declare","delete","drop","end","exec","execute",
                                     "fetch","insert","kill","open",
                                     "select", "sys","sysobjects","syscolumns",
                                     "table","update"};

Two drawbacks of SQL Injection "Blacklists" of special characters or words: 

1) Blacklisted words and characters change over time. For example, => (lambda) is new C# expression that was recently introduced.

2) Frustrates users trying to enter real data. For example, a user will become frustrated if the quote mark they enter in a textbox mysteriously vanishes each time they enter it.

How to Prevent JavaScript Injection:

 Explanation of the Vulnerability: If someone enters javascript in a textbox they can possibly attach an event to a submit button that will execute whenever anyone presses submit. The event can be used to send private information to the attacker.

 JavaScript injection is automatically prevented by the Request Validation feature of ASP.NET, which is always set to being on by default.

How to Prevent Cookie Vulnerabilities:

1. Only use https when sending cookies

Explanation of the Vulnerability: Packet Sniffing –  Hijacking Cookies that are sent over sessions that are not https

Cookies can be stolen via packet sniffing in an attack called session hijacking. Traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than its sender and its receiver (particularly on unencrypted public Wi-Fi networks). This traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted http sessions. Where network traffic is not encrypted, malicious users can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including their cookies, using programs called packet sniffers.

This issue can be overcome by securing the communication between the user's computer and the server by employing Transport Layer Security (https protocol) to encrypt the connection. A server can specify the secure flag while setting a cookie; the browser will then send it only over a secure channel, such as an SSL connection.

However a large number of websites, although using encrypted https communication for user authentication (i.e. the login page), subsequently send session cookies and other data over ordinary, unencrypted http connections for performance reasons. Attackers can therefore easily intercept the cookies of other users and impersonate them on the relevant websites or use them in a cookiemonster attack.

2. Always Use httpOnly when setting cookies

Explanation of the Vulnerability: Cross-site scripting (xss) attacks on cookies

Your own site may be secure from Javascript injection, but another web site may not be. If a user goes to your site and logs in and then goes to a bad site while logged in to your site.  The bad site can execute javascript that will send the cookies for your good site to the attacker.  The way to prevent this is by using HttpOnly flag when setting cookies.  HttpOnly says that the cookies from your good site can only be accessed from the server – not from javascript that executes on the client.  Since the cookies cannot be read from client-side javascript, the cookies are safe from cross-site scripting even when someone visits a bad site while logged into your good one.

References:

http://www.mikesdotnetting.com/Article/113/Preventing-SQL-Injection-in-ASP.NET

http://www.owasp.org/index.php/HTTPOnly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie#Drawbacks_of_cookies

http://www.devx.com/dotnet/Article/34653

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Background: ASP.NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft. The framework makes it possible for programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services. ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR allows programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language.

After the release of Internet Information Services 4.0 in 1997, Microsoft began researching possibilities for a new web application model that would solve common complaints about ASP, especially with regard to separation of presentation and content and being able to write "clean" code. Mark Anders, a manager on the IIS team, and Scott Guthrie, who had joined Microsoft in 1997 after graduating from Duke University, were tasked with determining what that model would look like.

The initial version was called "XSP", but the "X" did not actually stand for anything. It was decided to build the new platform on top of the Common Language Runtime (CLR), as it offered an object-oriented programming environment, garbage collection and other features that were seen as desirable features that Microsoft's Component Object Model platform didn't support.

XSP was renamed to ASP+ as it was seen as being the successor of Active Server Pages. Then, in 2000, it was renamed to ASP.NET to emphasize that it rested on the underlying .NET framework.

Versions: ASP.NET 1.0 was released in January of 2002. 2.0 was released in November 2005, and 3.0 in November 2006. The current version is 3.5, and it came out in November 2007. 4.0 is scheduled to released in the next few months.

ASP.NET

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Background: ADO.NET is an outgrowth of ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) technology. ADO relied on COM objects whereas ADO.NET is based on the .NET Framework. ADO.NET does not replace ADO for the COM programmer; rather, it provides the .NET programmer with access to relational data sources, XML, and application data.

Purpose: ADO.NET is used to access data and data services. The data is usually a relational database, but it does not have to be.

Architecture: ADO.NET is part of the Base Class Library. ADO.NET consists of two parts:

• Data Provider

Data providers provide access to the data source. The data source can be: SQL Server, Oracle, or OLEDB (ex. Access). Each data source has its own set of provider objects, but they all include these common utility classes:

• Connection – Provides a connection to the datasoure. It is like a phone line that connects the application to the database.
• Command – Command is used to perform some action (add, update, delete, select, etc.) on the database.
• Parameter – This is a variable in the command.
• DataAdapter – The data adapter provides a bridge between the data source object and the data set object.
• DataReader – Allows you to access records sequentially, one record at a time.

DataSets represent in-memory relational databases. Datasets represent a schema that can contain one or more tables and the relationships between the tables.

• DataTable represents a single data table that is made up of rows and columns.
• DataView is an overlay for a datatable that can contain a sort and a filter.
• DataRelation is a relation between tables.
• Constraint describes an enforced property of the database.

A DataSet is populated from a database by a DataAdapter whose Connection and Command properties have been specified. A DataSet can save its contents to XML, or populate itself from XML, making it very useful for web services and distributed computing.

ADO.NET

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Here are a few things you need to understand about remoting:

• Purpose: .NET Remoting makes it possible for software components to interact across application domains.
• History: .NET Remoting is an API that was introduced with .NET Framework 1.0 in 2002 to improve upon earlier technologies for interprocess communication.
  • In 1990, OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) was developed;
  • in 1993, COM (Component Object Model) was created
  • and in 1997, this was advanced to DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model) and renamed to ActiveX;
  • in 2000, COM+ came into being;
  • in 2002, .NET remoting was introduced;
  • in 2007, WCF technologies were implemented in NET Framework 3.0
• Historical Problems: DCOM had its problems as it relied on proprietary format. Also there were problems of communication between COM objects spread across firewalls. .NET Remoting eliminated these difficulties by supporting various transport and communication protocols and by being adaptable to diverse network environments.
• General Concepts: .NET Remoting allows an application to make an object (which is called a "remotable object") available across remoting boundaries. This can include different appdomains, processes or even different computers connected by a network. The .NET Remoting runtime hosts the listener for requests to the object in the appdomain of the server application. At the client end, any requests to the remotable object are proxied by the .NET Remoting runtime over Channel objects, that encapsulate the actual transport mode, including TCP streams, HTTP streams and named pipes. As a result, by instantiating proper Channel objects, a .NET Remoting application can be made to support different communication protocols without recompiling the application. The runtime itself manages the act of serialization and marshalling of objects across the client and server appdomains.
• Architecture: See Architecture section of this msdn article on Improving Remoting Performance

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